Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms. It is concerned with the molecular basis of inheritance and the ways in which genes are passed down from one generation to the next. The history of genetics can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who were the first to speculate about the nature of heredity. In the 19th century, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, conducted experiments on pea plants that led to the discovery of the laws of inheritance. His work, which he published in 1866, laid the foundation for modern genetics. Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment described how genes are passed from one generation to the next and how traits are inherited. In the early 20th century, Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues at Columbia University conducted experiments on fruit flies that showed that genes are located on chromosomes. This discovery led to the development of the chromosome theory of inheritance, which states that genes
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